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Comparing Stability of Carthamin and Safflower Yellow Pigments at PH, Temperature and Light, from Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Florets
N. Fatahi,. Carapetian,R. Heidari
Research Journal of Biological Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belongs to composite family. Its florets contain edible carthamin and safflower yellow dyes. The pigments are very useful for dying foods and cosmetics. The natural pigments also have medicinal properties. In this research, external factors suspecting to influence the chemical nature of carthamin and safflower yellow in aqueous media were studied. Dried florets were powdered and used for the extraction of carthamin which was obtainable through alkaline extraction, acidification and cellulose adsorption. Also, dried safflower powder was used for extraction of water soluble yellow pigment. Aqueous solutions of the pigments were exposed to some external factors such as temperature (10, 30, 50 and 70°C), pH (below 2 and above 7), light (400 Lux and UV). The results showed at higher temperature carthamin was more readily decomposed, but safflower yellow isn’t affected so much by the temperature. Occurring above and below the pH range in which carthamin is most stable (pH 3-5.5), increased degradation of the pigment. The pigments in aqueous solution were exposed to dark, visible and ultraviolet light. Loss of safflower yellow coloration increased. These results were studied spectrophotometerically to check patterns of stability of the pigments. Comparing the pigments indicates safflower yellow is more stable than carthamin in temperature and pH treatment, but carthamin is more stable than safflower yellow in light treatment. Most synthetic pigments have carcinogenic properties, whereas natural pigments have biological value and belong to natural components of food products.
Spectrophotometric Measurement of Valuable Pigments from Petals of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and their Identification by TLC Method
N. Fatahi,J. Carapetian,R. Heidari
Research Journal of Biological Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a composite plant. It’s flowers are an essential dye-stuff for preparing edible carthamin and safflower yellow dyes, which has been increasingly applied as a colour additive for processed foods as well as cosmetic rouges and medicinal tablets. A technique for the analysis of carthamin and Carthamus yellow is described. The teqnique involves the following 3 steps: Extraction, measurement of visible absorption spectrum of the color and thin-layer chromatography. Dried safflower powder was used for extraction of water soluble yellow and the water insoluble carthamin was obtainable through alkaline extraction, acidification and cellulose adsorption. The pigment extracts were identified by using thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometery. Spectrophotometeric absorption spectra in invisible wavelength showed the absorption maxima for carthamin red at 520 nm in acetone extraction. Similarly water soluble safflower yellow showed 405 nm absorption maxima. The Rf values were measured by thin-Layer chromatography. Because these dyes are natural and have clinical effects, they are potentially useful for dying different food products.
Spectrophotometric Measurement of Valuable Pigments from Petals of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and their Identification by TLC Method
N. Fatahi,J. Carapetian,R. Heidari
Research Journal of Biological Sciences , 2008,
Abstract: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a composite plant. Ita€ s flowers are an essential dye-stuff for preparing edible carthamin and safflower yellow dyes, which has been increasingly applied as a colour additive for processed foods as well as cosmetic rouges and medicinal tablets. A technique for the analysis of carthamin and Carthamus yellow is described. The teqnique involves the following 3 steps: Extraction, measurement of visible absorption spectrum of the color and thin-layer chromatography. Dried safflower powder was used for extraction of water soluble yellow and the water insoluble carthamin was obtainable through alkaline extraction, acidification and cellulose adsorption. The pigment extracts were identified by using thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometery. Spectrophotometeric absorption spectra in invisible wavelength showed the absorption maxima for carthamin red at 520 nm in acetone extraction. Similarly water soluble safflower yellow showed 405 nm absorption maxima. The Rf values were measured by thin-Layer chromatography. Because these dyes are natural and have clinical effects, they are potentially useful for dying different food products.
Effects of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals
Hasani,M; Zamani,Z; Savaghebi,G; Fatahi,R;
Journal of soil science and plant nutrition , 2012, DOI: 10.4067/S0718-95162012005000009
Abstract: effects of foliar sprays of zinc and manganese sulfates on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrients concentration of pomegranate were studied during 2010 growing season in an orchard with a soil ph of 7.5 and ec of 5.2 (ds m-1). zinc and manganese sulfates were applied two times at the rate of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 percent under a factorial design on the base of completely randomized blocks. mn sprays had positive significant effects on the fruit yield, the aril/peel ratio, tss, weight of 100 arils. juice content of arils, anthocyanin index, fruit diameter and leaf area. zn effects were also significant for tss, tss/ta ratio, juice content of arils and leaf area. foliar spray of mn significantly increased mn and n but decreased zn and cu concentrations in leaves. foliar sprays of zn significantly increased zn but decreased mn and p concentrations in the leaves. according to the results, the suitable combination of these two micronutrients for studied characters of pomegranate under prevailing conditions was foliar spray of 0.6% mnso4 and 0.3% znso4.
Design and Implementation of the Expert System for Balancing Team Formation on the Basis of Belbin Team Role
S.Fatahi,A.R.Lorestani
Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science , 2010,
Abstract:
Some postharvest physical properties of Iranian apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit
A. Jannatizadeh,M. Naderi Boldaji,R. Fatahi,M. Ghasemi Varnamkhasti
International Agrophysics , 2008,
Abstract: Some of the postharvest physical properties of six cultivars of Iranian apricot fruits are presented in this study. Information about these properties is very important for understanding the behaviour of the product during the postharvest operations, such as harvesting, transporting, sorting, grading, packaging and storage processes. This research was undertaken to study some physical properties of six Iranian apricot cultivars (Shams, Nakhjavan, Djahangiri, Sefide Damavand, Shahroud-8, and Gheysi-2). These properties include: linear dimensions, geometric mean diameter, projected area, criteria projected area, surface area, sphericity, volume, mass, bulk and average fruit density, packaging coefficient, coefficient of static friction, and ratio of length to width (L/W), length to thickness (L/T), and length to mass (L/M).
Favorable Short-term Outcome in Deceased Kidney Donor Transplantation
M. H. Nourbala,M. R. Fatahi,B. Einollahi
International Journal of Organ Transplantation Medicine , 2012,
Abstract:
Study on Relationships among Fruit Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Some Pomegranate Genotypes
A. Sarkhosh,Z. Zamani,M. R. Fatahi Moghaddam,A. Ebadi
Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources , 2007,
Abstract: In order to determine the most important quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit and its components for categorizing the genotypes, a study was carried out using 24 genotypes. In this study 28 quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit and seed were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that all of the characteristics in examined genotypes were significant, showing high variability in characteristics. Results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant, positive and negative correlations among some important characteristics. Also, factor analysis showed that most of fruit juice, aril and seed characteristics constituted the main factors. Effective characteristics categorized in seven factors accounted for 89% of total variance. For each factor, eigen value more than 0.7 was considered significant. Cluster analysis was performed using these seven factors and genotypes, in the distance of 9, were divided into 5 main clusters. These groups were mainly distinct in fruit flavor and soft seededness. Furthermore, by using three main factors, genotypes positions determined in 3-plot analysis, which distinguished sweeter genotypes from sweet-sour and sour genotypes.
Effects of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals
M Hasani,Z Zamani,G Savaghebi,R Fatahi
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 2012,
Abstract: Effects of foliar sprays of zinc and manganese sulfates on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrients concentration of pomegranate were studied during 2010 growing season in an orchard with a soil pH of 7.5 and EC of 5.2 (dS m-1). Zinc and manganese sulfates were applied two times at the rate of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 percent under a factorial design on the base of completely randomized blocks. Mn sprays had positive significant effects on the fruit yield, the aril/peel ratio, TSS, weight of 100 arils. juice content of arils, anthocyanin index, fruit diameter and leaf area. Zn effects were also significant for TSS, TSS/TA ratio, juice content of arils and leaf area. Foliar spray of Mn significantly increased Mn and N but decreased Zn and Cu concentrations in leaves. Foliar sprays of Zn significantly increased Zn but decreased Mn and P concentrations in the leaves. According to the results, the suitable combination of these two micronutrients for studied characters of pomegranate under prevailing conditions was foliar spray of 0.6% MnSO4 and 0.3% ZnSO4.
Effects of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals
M Hasani,Z Zamani,G Savaghebi,R Fatahi
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 2012,
Abstract: Effects of foliar sprays of zinc and manganese sulfates on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrients concentration of pomegranate were studied during 2010 growing season in an orchard with a soil pH of 7.5 and EC of 5.2 (dS m-1). Zinc and manganese sulfates were applied two times at the rate of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 percent under a factorial design on the base of completely randomized blocks. Mn sprays had positive significant effects on the fruit yield, the aril/peel ratio, TSS, weight of 100 arils. juice content of arils, anthocyanin index, fruit diameter and leaf area. Zn effects were also significant for TSS, TSS/TA ratio, juice content of arils and leaf area. Foliar spray of Mn significantly increased Mn and N but decreased Zn and Cu concentrations in leaves. Foliar sprays of Zn significantly increased Zn but decreased Mn and P concentrations in the leaves. According to the results, the suitable combination of these two micronutrients for studied characters of pomegranate under prevailing conditions was foliar spray of 0.6% MnSO4 and 0.3% ZnSO4.
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